History of In Situ/environmental TEM/STEM observations

History of In Situ/Environmental TEM/STEM Observations
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Table 3277. History of In Situ/environmental TEM/STEM observations.

Year	Researcher	Details	References
2001	Hansen/Haldor Topsoe	With Phillips CM 200 FEG, in resolution of 0.23 nm, under pressure of 4 Torr H₂/N₂, and at temperature of /550 °C	[2,3]
1994	Sharma et al.	With Phillips 400T, in resolution of 0.42 nm, under pressure of 3 Torr of NH₃	[5]
1991	Yao, Spindler, Gatan Inc.	With Phillips CM 30, in resolution of 0.34 nm, under pressure of 20 Torr	[4]
1991	Doole, Parkinson, Hutchinson	With JEOL 4000, in resolution of 0.31 nm, under pressure of 4.2 Torr of H₂, and at temperature of 670 °C	[6]
...		Moved very slow because: i) Difficulties on instrumentation; ii) Difficulties on resolution; iii) Lack of funding
Early to mid 1970	D. L. Allison in USA	Physical sciences
Early 1960	H. G. Heide in Germany	Biological science (gas controlled environment)
Late 1950 to early 1960	Stoyanova, I. G., in Russia	Biological sciences (gas and wet cell), first to examine wet biological materials in TEM
Late 1950	T Ito in Japan	Physical sciences/Instrumentation (gas interaction)
1944	Abrams and McBain	Constructed the first enclosed wet cell
1935	L. Marton	In-Situ TEM/STEM method with a windowed cell: the sample is sandwiched between two electron transparent thin films in order to examine biological materials in hydrated state (e.g. amorphous carbon films)	[1]

[1] L. Marton, Nature 133, 911 (1935).
[2] L. Hansen and J. B. Wagner, Proc. 12th European Congress on Electron Microscopy, Vol. II, (2000) 537–538.
[3] ThomasW. Hansen, Jacob B.Wagner, Poul L. Hansen, Seren Dahl, Haldor Topsoe, Claus J. H. Jacobson, Science, 294 (2001) 1508–1510.
[4] Nan Yao, Gerard E. Spinnler, Richard A. Kemp, Don C. Guthrie, R. Dwight Cates and C. Mark Bolinger, Proc. 49th Annual; meeting of Microsc. Soc. Am. San Francisco Press (1991) 1028.
[5] Renu Sharma, K. Weiss, M. McKelvy and W. Glaunsinger, Proc. 52nd Ann. Meet. Microscopy Society of America, (1994) 494–495P.
[6] R. C. Doole, G.M. Parkinson, J. L. Hutchison, M. J. Goringe and P. J. F. Harris JEOL News 30E, (1992) 30.

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