Tetragonal Crystal Systems
- Practical Electron Microscopy and Database -
- An Online Book -

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Table 3551a and Figure 3551a show the tetragonal crystal systems and the schematic illustrations of the tetragonal lattices, respectively. Furthermore, Table 3551c shows the cell edges and angles of tetragonal crystals.

Table 3551a. Tetragonal crystal systems.

Crystal
family
Crystal
system
Required 
symmetries
of point group
Point 
group
Space 
group
Bravais
lattices
Lattice
system

Tetragonal

1 four-fold axis of rotation

7

68

2

Tetragonal

Schematic illustrations of the tetragonal lattices

Figure 3551a. Schematic illustrations of the Bravais lattices of tetragonal crystals.

Table 3551b. Relationship between Laue classes and point groups.

System Essential symmetry  Lattice symmetry  Laue class (Diffraction symmetry) Point Groups (Hermann–Mauguin notation)
Triclinic None Triclinic Triclinic 1, -1
Monoclinic Monoclinic 2/m 2/m 2, m, 2/m
Orthorhombic 222 or 2mm
mmm
mmm 222, mm2, mmm
Tetragonal Tetragonal 4/mmm
4/m
4, -4, 4/m
4/mmm 422, -42m, 4mm, 4/mmm
Trigonal Trigonal Trigonal 3 3, -3
-3m1 321, 3m1, -3m1
-31m 312, 31m, -31m
Hexagonal Hexagonal 6/mmm
6/m 6, -6, 6/m
6/mmm 622, -62m, 6mm, 6/mmm
Cubic 23 m3m
m-3 23, m-3
m-3m 432, -43m, m-3m

For tetragonal structures, the lattice spacing (d-spacing) can be given by, (You can download the excel file for your own calculations)

         lattice spacing (d-spacing)  of tetragonal structures --------------------------------- [3551]
where,
        a and c -- The lattice constants.
        h, k, and l -- The Miller indices.

As shown in Figure 3551b, in a cubic transition-metal (TM) oxide crystal, the divalent TM ion is in a site that has octahedral Oh symmetry and the d-levels split into threefold degenerate (lower energy) t2g states and twofold degenerate (higher energy) eg states that can accommodate six and four electrons, respectively (including spin states). The tetragonal symmetry splits the levels further. The t2g states split into a singlet, dxy, and a doublet dxz and dyz. The eg states split into d3z2-r2 and dx2-y2 levels.

Ligand field splitting of d orbitals in an octahedral ligand field

Figure 3551b. Ligand field splitting of d orbitals in an octahedral ligand field.

In some TM (transition metal) cases, the filling of orbitals with electrons may affect the local structure and thus induce geometrical distortion around the TM ion. The Jahn–Teller effect, also called Jahn–Teller distortion, describes this type of distortions. A typical Jahn-Teller ion is Mn3+ as shown in Figure 3551c. The ion in the high-spin configuration contains a single electron in the upper eg state when it is placed in an octahedral LF (ligand field). A tetragonal distortion can lower the energy of the system. The lowering in total energy is due to the lowering of one of the eg orbitals by lengthening the bond along the z axis. Note that the overall energy of the system is not further lowered by splitting the t2g state because the center of gravity is retained.

John-Teller effect for Mn3+ (3d4)

Figure 3551c. John-Teller effect for Mn3+ (3d4).

Table 3551c. Other characteristics of tetragonal structures.

Contents
Page
Angles in unit cells page3555
Volume of unit cells page3033
Bravais lattices page4546
Relationship between three-dimensional crystal families, crystal systems, space group, point group, lattice systems and symmetries page4549

 

 

 

 

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