Chapter/Index: Introduction | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Appendix
| SEs (secondary electrons) are considered to be generated mainly through interactions between energetic electrons of the primary beam and weakly bound conduction-band electrons in metals, or outer-shell valence electrons in semiconductors and insulators. The average energy of secondary electrons (SEs) is less than 50 eV and mostly SEs have energies of about 3 to 5 eV.
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