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In recent decades, lithium-ion batteries have become an important, integral part of the portable electronics industry, for instance, in the fields of laptops, cellular phones, and electric vehicles. Lithium metal was originally used as negative electrodes in batteries, but this led to safety and cycling issues. The “dissolution and deposition of lithium metal led to the formation of dendrites”, resulting in short circuits within the battery. Later, the lithium-metal anode had been replaced by the graphitic carbon anode and applied in the first Li-ion rechargeable battery released by Sony Corporation in 1991.
Batteries with lithium include disposable (primary) lithium batteries, rechargeable (secondary) lithium ion batteries, and rechargeable lithium titanate batteries. The main materials used for negative and positive electrodes in lithium batteries are listed in page1786. Table 1787a lists the lithium-ion battery components, their functions, and main materials.
Table 1787a. Lithium-ion battery components, their functions, and main materials.
Components |
Functions |
Materials |
Manufactory, country |
Positive (cathode) electrode materials |
Emit lithium-ion to anode during charging; receive lithium-ion during discharging |
page1786 |
Japan, South Korea |
Negative (anode) electrode materials |
Receive lithium-ion from anode during charging; emit lithium-ion during discharging |
page1786 |
Japan, South Korea |
Electrolyte |
Pass lithium-ions between cathode and anode |
Lithium salts and organic
solvents |
Japan, China, European Union |
Separator |
Prevent short circuit between cathode and anode; pass lithium ions through pores in separator |
Micro-porous membranes |
Japan, South Korea, USA, China |
Electrode foils |
|
|
Japan, South Korea, China, European Union |
Can & cover |
|
|
South Korea, Japan, China |
Vent |
|
|
Japan, USA, South Korea |
Electronic components |
|
|
Japan, South Korea, European Union, USA, China |
Electrical components |
|
|
Japan, South Korea, European Union, USA, China |
Mechanical components |
|
|
Japan, South Korea, European Union, USA, China |
Battery cells |
|
|
Japan, South Korea, China, European Union, USA |
Table 1787b. General properties of Lithium-ion batteries.
Specific energy |
100 - 265 W·h/kg |
Energy density |
250 - 730 W·h/L |
Power density |
250 - 1,800 W/kg |
Charging/discharging efficiency |
80 - 90% |
Energy/consumer-price |
0.5 - 2.5 W·h/US$ |
Self-discharge rate (per month) |
8% at 21 °C
15% at 40 °C
31% at 60 °C |
Cycle durability |
400 - 3,500 cycles |
Battery characteristics |
Small size, light weight |
Application |
Consumer electronics |
Table 1787c. Global lithium-ion battery market share (in 2009) by country and by manufactory.
Manufactory |
Country |
Manufactory |
Market share (%) |
Country |
Market share (%) |
Employee |
Sanyo |
23% |
Japan |
48% |
35,700 |
Sony |
14% |
Panasonic |
6.0% |
Hitachi Maxell |
5.3% |
Toshiba |
<1% |
Mitsubishi Chemistry |
<1% |
Samsung |
15% |
South Korea |
22% |
17,600 |
LG Chem |
7.4% |
BYD |
8.3% |
China |
18.7% |
33,200 |
BAK |
6.6% |
ATL |
3.8% |
A123 Systems |
1% |
USA |
1% |
1,100 |
Greatbatch |
<1% |
|
Valence Technology |
<1% |
|
3M |
<1% |
|
Others |
9.6% |
Others |
9.6% |
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Table 1787d. Top academic organizations that published research papers on lithium-ion batteries in 2009.
Organization |
Country |
Organization |
Paper number |
Country |
Paper number |
AIST (National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science And Technology) |
368 |
Japan |
1750 |
Kyoto University |
280 |
Tokyo Institute of Technology |
255 |
Kyusyu University |
169 |
Saga University |
168 |
GS Yuasa |
134 |
Tokyo University of Science |
133 |
Iwate University |
130 |
Tohoku University |
113 |
The Chinese Academy of Sciences |
267 |
China |
675 |
Fudan University |
158 |
Tsinghua University |
131 |
Wuhan University |
119 |
Argonne National Laboratory |
241 |
USA |
635 |
University of California |
139 |
Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory |
134 |
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology |
121 |
Hanyang University |
210 |
Korea |
628 |
Seoul National University |
157 |
KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of
Science And Technology) |
142 |
KIST (Korea Institute of Science And
Technology) |
119 |
CNRS |
148 |
France |
407 |
Université De Picardie Jules Verne |
142 |
Université Pierre Et Marie Curie |
117 |
Dalhousie University |
152 |
Canada |
152 |
Cordoba University |
141 |
Spain |
141 |
Università Degli Studi Di Roma |
133 |
Italy |
|
National University of Singapore |
131 |
Singapore |
131 |
University of Wollongong |
121 |
Australia |
121 |
Bar-Ilan University |
118 |
Israel |
118 |
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