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Figure 2777a shows radiative transition processes in silicon devices. The processes can be classified into three groups:
         i) interband transitions.
           i.a) intrinsic emission with energy close to bandgap energy as shown by "1a".
           i.b) high energy transitions which involve a hot electron as shown by "1b".
           i.c) high energy transitions which involve a hot hole as shown by "1c".
           In the case of silicon (Si), it is an indirect-gap semiconductor, interband transitions at room temperature is assisted by a phonon emission process. The radiative emission band at room temperature is relatively broad at energies around the Si bandgap energy (1.12 eV) or Si bandgap wavelength (1107 nm).
         ii) deep level transitions involving chemical impurities, physical defects or deep traps which include transitions:
           ii.a) from conduction band to acceptor level as shown by "2a".
           ii.b) from donor level to valence band as shown by "2b".
           ii.c) from donor level to acceptor level as shown by "2c".
           ii.d) from conduction band to deep trap level as shown by "2d".
           ii.e) from deep trap level to valence band as shown by "2e".
         In these transition cases, the radiative emission energies would generally be below the Si bandgap energy or at wavelengths that are above the silicon bandgap wavelength.
         iii) intraband transitions involving:
           iii.a) hot electrons as shown by "3a".
           iii.b) hot holes as shown by "3b".

Figure 2777b shows the energy levels (also called ionization energies) of the main impurities in crystalline silicon (Si). The donor-like energy levels are indicated in green, and most of them are above the midgap and their values are given with respect to E_c. The acceptor-like energy levels are indicated in red, and most of them are below midgap and their values are given with respect to E_v. The elements which have both donor-like and acceptor-like energy levels are marked in blue.

Figure 2777b. The energy levels (also called ionization energies) of the main impurities in crystalline silicon (Si).

[1] Ivey HF, "Electroluminescence and Semiconductor Lasers", IEEE J Quantum Electronics, Vol QE-2, No. 11, pg 713-726, 1966.