This book (Practical Electron Microscopy and Database) is a reference for TEM and SEM students, operators, engineers, technicians, managers, and researchers.

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Figure 3954 shows energy level-diagram of the electrons and characteristic X-ray emission of a tungsten atom. The binding energy of each shell is the minimum energy, which an incoming electron or photon must have to be able to ionize the atom. However, excitation with a smaller amount of energy can raise an electron to one of the higher levels given that a vacancy exists.

Figure 3954. Energy level-diagram of the electrons and characteristic X-ray emission of a tungsten atom.