This book (Practical Electron Microscopy and Database) is a reference for TEM and SEM students, operators, engineers, technicians, managers, and researchers.

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Binning in CCD (also called binned pixel or super pixel) is the process of combining the charges of several pixels in horizontal, vertical, or both directions into a single pixel with a larger charge. The binning process is performed, after an exposure time and before sending the signal to a charge-to-voltage converter, by specially controlling the serial and parallel registers in a CCD chip. Therefore, the larger charge of the super pixel represents the sum of charges of all individual pixels being binned together. As an example, Figure 3967 shows an n × m binning mode (here, n and m are equal to 3 and 4, respectively). Each super pixel is represented by a rectangular area (e.g. the blue area) with n vertical and m horizontal pixels. In general, there are three types of binning mode: i) n = m > 1 is called quadratic binning; ii) n > m and n > 1 is called vertical binning; and iii) n < m and m > 1 is called horizontal binning.

It is important to note that the CCD binning process affects spatial resolution, sensitivity, SNR, and frame rate of the imaging sensor.