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A scintillator is used to converte the incoming electron signal, which is from column of electron microscope, to visible light that is amplified by a photomultiplier (PM) tube as shown in Figure 4868. The dynodes form electron nultiplier.
This system, that acts as a high-sensitivity and low-noise photon detector, is used to detect secondary electrons in SEM, transmitted, diffracted, and energy loss electrons in TEM, and primary scattered electrons in STEM.
![Schematic of photomultiplier (PM) system](image1/4868.gif)
Figure 4868. Schematic of photomultiplier (PM) system
Photomultiplier modules (PMTs) have many applications and, for instance, have been employed on GIF cameras and cathodoluminescence systems by Gatan.
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