Python Automation and Machine Learning for EM and ICs

The output is 'true', if any of the conditions are 'true'. Any condition may be true for the statement to be true. "or" is binary, but not is unary. Introduction. Example code. code.

on_any_event(event)

Catch-all event handler. event (FileSystemEvent) – The event object representing the file system event. (code)

on_created(event)

Called when a file or directory is created. event (DirCreatedEvent or FileCreatedEvent) – Event representing file/directory creation. (code)

on_deleted(event)

Called when a file or directory is deleted. event (DirDeletedEvent or FileDeletedEvent) – Event representing file/directory deletion. (code)

on_modified(event)

Called when a file or directory is modified. event (DirModifiedEvent or FileModifiedEvent) – Event representing file/directory modification. (code)

on_moved(event)

Called when a file or a directory is moved or renamed. event (DirMovedEvent or FileMovedEvent) – Event representing file/directory movement. (code)

watchdog.observers.api: Immutables

class watchdog.observers.api.ObservedWatch(path, recursive)

Parameters: path – Path string. recursive – True if watch is recursive; False otherwise.

class watchdog.observers.api.ObservedWatch(path, recursive)

Parameters: path – Path string. recursive – True if watch is recursive; False otherwise.

class watchdog.observers.api.EventQueue(maxsize=0)

class watchdog.observers.api.EventEmitter(event_queue, watch, timeout=1)

class watchdog.observers.api.EventDispatcher(timeout=1)

class watchdog.observers.api.BaseObserver(emitter_class, timeout=1)

watchdog.observers.api.EventDispatcher

Base observer.

watchdog.observers.Observer

alias of InotifyObserver

class watchdog.observers.polling.PollingObserver(timeout=1)

watchdog.observers.api.BaseObserver

Platform-independent observer that polls a directory to detect file system changes.

class watchdog.observers.polling.PollingObserverVFS(stat, listdir, polling_interval=1)

watchdog.observers.api.BaseObserver

File system independent observer that polls a directory to detect changes.

__or__

os.path.join(path

Get a file path. Introduction. code. code. (code)

ord()

Returns an integer representing Unicode code point for the given Unicode character. code. code

oct()

Convert an integer number (of any size) to an octal string prefixed with “0o”

Objects

Introduction.

open()

Filehandler = open(fileString[, mode]). FileString is a literal or variable, containing the file (and a relative/absolute path, if needed). mode is a string indicating how to open the file. By default, opens in read mode (if no specify).
'r' ---read-only mode. Introduction.
'w' ---write mode. E.g. append a new row or a new line to an existing csv file by deleting an original row/line. Introduction.
'a' ---append mode. E.g. append a new row or a new line to an existing csv file without deleting the original rows/lines. Introduction.
'r+' ---special read/write mode Introduction.
Adds text to the end
code, code. .txt. Create a file with such as name if there is not a such file, or add a line in the file if there is a file with such a file name: .txt.

with open()

Introduction. code.

OS module

OS module in Python provides functions for interacting with the operating system. OS comes under Python’s standard utility modules. This module provides a portable way of using operating system dependent functionality. os.path module is submodule of OS module in Python used for common pathname manipulation.

os.listdir()

Introduction. Output the file list of images in a folder, but only returns the names. code. code. (code).

os.path.splitext() method

Is used to split the path name into a pair root and ext. Here, ext stands for extension and has the extension portion of the specified path while root is everything except ext part. ext is empty if specified path does not have any extension. If the specified path has leading period (‘.’), it then will be ignored. Introduction. Examples are:

path name	root	ext
/Desktop/file.txt /home/User/Desktop/file .txt	/Desktop /home/User/Desktop	{empty}
file.py	file	.py
.txt	.txt	{empty}

Miscellaneous operating system interfaces. code1, code2.

os.chdir

code

os.getcwd()

Get current working directory/path.

win32clipboard.OpenClipboard()

code.

outer(a, b[, out])

Compute the outer product of two vectors.

Image.open

PIL.Image.open() Opens and identifies the given image file. code. image. code. code.

numpy.ones(shape, dtype=None, order='C', *, like=None)

Return a new array of given shape and type, filled with ones. General, code.

Count duplicates/occurrence and show unique values in csv files

CSV: Introduction

Search/print/output the rows

CSV: Print the rows if their cell values are greater than a specific value, in the csv file with numbers only; output the rows if the cell value is in a specific range. Introduction. code.

hotkey('o')

Introduction

.Popen()

Opens a pipe from a command. This pipe allows the command to send its output to another command. Introduction

os.walk()

(code).

cv2.imread(/path/to/image, flag)

A method loads an image from the specified file. If the image cannot be read (because of missing file, improper permissions, unsupported or invalid format) then this method returns an empty matrix. imread() decodes the image into a matrix with the color channels stored in the order of Blue, Green, Red and A (Transparency) respectively: (:, :, 0) represents Blue channel; (:, :, 1) represents Green channel; (:, :, 2) represents Red channel; (:, :, 3) represents Transparency channel. The flag is optional. code. code. code. code.

v2.rectangle(image, start_point, end_point, color of border line, border thickness)

border. Compute the bounding box of the contour and then draw the bounding box on an image to represent where the ROI is. code. code. code.

Get dimensions (sizes) of image:
dimensions = img.shape
Get height, width, number of channels in image
height = img.shape[0]
width = img.shape[1]
channels = img.shape[2]

General, code. code. code. code. code. code.

cv2.circle()

cv2.circle(image, center_coordinates, radius, color, thickness). code. code.

cv2.EVENT_FLAG_LBUTTON

Mouse callback function with a single left click. code.

cv2.EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN

Mouse callback function with a single left click. code. (code)

cv2.EVENT_FLAG_MBUTTON

Mouse callback function with a single left click. code.

cv2.EVENT_LBUTTONUP

Mouse callback function with a single left click. code.

cv2.EVENT_LBUTTONDBLCLK

Mouse callback function with double left clicks. code.

cv2.EVENT_RBUTTONDOWN

Mouse callback function with a single right click. code.

cv2.EVENT_RBUTTONUP

Mouse callback function with a single right click. code.

cv2.EVENT_FLAG_RBUTTON

Mouse callback function with a single right click. code.

cv2.EVENT_FLAG_CTRLKEY

Mouse callback function with double right clicks. code.

cv2.EVENT_MBUTTONDOWN

Mouse callback function with the single middle mouse click. code.

cv2.EVENT_MBUTTONUP

Mouse callback function with the single middle mouse click. code.

cv2.EVENT_MOUSEMOVE

Mouse move. code.

zip()

Is a container of all such points and it will iterate to all such points and draw rectangle around this closed entity i.e. coins: code.

cv2.matchTemplate

Returns a correlation map, essentially a grayscale image. Other than contour filtering, matching keypoints, contour detection and processing (with thresholding, edge detection, etc. to generate a binary image), template matching is arguably one of the most simple forms of object detection (only 2-3 lines of code), which can detect multiple instances of the same/similar object in an input image. This method quickly fails when there are unknown changes of rotation, scale, viewing angle, etc. In those cases, you should use dedicated object detectors including HOG + Linear SVM, Faster R-CNN, SSDs, YOLO, etc. code. code. code. code. code.
Limitations: The matching can fail (if there is no special treatments in the script) if the size of the template is substantially smaller than the feature in the image being searched.

cv2.Canny()

Canny Edge Detection is a popular edge detection algorithm. This detection is susceptible to noise in the image, so that first step is to remove the noise in the image with a 5x5 Gaussian filter. Code. code. code.

(min_val, max_val, min_loc, max_loc) = cv2.minMaxLoc()

Returns the max and min intensity values as an array
that includes the location of these intensities. Takes the correlation result and returns a 4-tuple which includes the minimum correlation value, the maximum correlation value, the (x, y)-coordinate of the minimum value, and the (x, y)-coordinate of the maximum value, respectively. Max_Val is the location with the highest intensity in the image, corresponding to the best matching input image with regard to the defined template.. code. code. code.

cv2.TM_SQDIFF()

cv2.TM_SQDIFF_NORMED

cv2.TM_CCORR

cv2.TM_CCORR_NORMED

cv2.TM_CCOEFF_NORMED()

The third parameter here is the method used for matching. code, code. code.

cv2.TM_CCOEFF

cv2.add

code.

cv2.imwrite

Save images. code. code.

cv2.resize

Resizing does only change the width and height of the image. code.

cv2.waitKey(0)

Will display the window infinitely until any keypress (it is suitable for image display). Therefore, if you use waitKey(0) you see a still image until you actually press something. code. code. code. code.

cv2.waitKey(1)

Will display a frame for 1 ms, after which display will be automatically closed. Since the OS has a minimum time between switching threads, the function will not wait exactly 1 ms, it will wait at least 1 ms, depending on what else is running on your computer at that time.

0xFF

== ord('q') = 11111111 (a 8 bit binary), meaning "taking keyboard input here as 'q'". code

code

cv2.setMouseCallback

Mouse clicks: introduction. code. code.

cv2.destroyAllWindows()

Simply destroys all the windows we created. code. code.

cv2.destroyWindow()

To destroy any specific window with the exact window name.

cv2.imshow

A method is used to display an image in a window. The window automatically fits to the image size. First argument is a window name which is a string. Second argument is our image. code. code. Code.

cv2.cvtColor()

Is used to convert an image from one color space to another. code.

cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY

code.

.rgb2gray()

code.

"gray"

Convert a GRB image to a grey image. code.

cv2.THRESH_BINARY

If pixel intensity is greater than the set threshold, value set to 255, else set to 0 (black). code. code

cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV

Inverted or Opposite case of cv2.THRESH_BINARY. code. code

cv2.line()

Draw a line in a image. code

cv2.arrowedLine()

cv2.arrowedLine(image, start_point, end_point, color[, thickness[, line_type[, shift[, tipLength]]]]) is used to draw arrow segment pointing from the start point to the end point. The parameters of the cv2.arrowedLine function are the same as those for cv2.line. code.

cv2.putText()

cv2.putText(image, text, org, font, fontScale, color[, thickness[, lineType[, bottomLeftOrigin]]]) is used to draw a text string on any image. The font types are FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX = 0, FONT_HERSHEY_PLAIN = 1, FONT_HERSHEY_DUPLEX = 2, FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX = 3, FONT_HERSHEY_TRIPLEX = 4, FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX_SMALL = 5, FONT_HERSHEY_SCRIPT_SIMPLEX = 6, FONT_HERSHEY_SCRIPT_COMPLEX = 7, and FONT_ITALIC = 16. The thickness of the line is in pixel. lineType: This is an optional parameter.It gives the type of the line to be used. bottomLeftOrigin: This is an optional parameter. When it is true, the image data origin is at the bottom-left corner. Otherwise, it is at the top-left corner. code. (code)

cv2.namedWindow

code.

cv2.moveWindow

Set the position (coordinates) of the opened window. code.

cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED

= -1. reads the image as is from the source. If the source image is an RGB, it loads the image into array with Red, Green and Blue channels. If the source image is ARGB, it loads the image with three color components along with the alpha or transparency channel.

cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE

Reads the image as grey image. If the source image is color image, grey value of each pixel is calculated by taking the average of color channels. = 0, code.

cv2.IMREAD_COLOR

Reads the image with RGB colors but no transparency channel. = 1

cv.THRESH_TRUNC

If pixel intensity value is greater than threshold, it is truncated to the threshold. The pixel values are set to be the same as the threshold. All other values remain the same. code. code

cv.THRESH_TOZERO

Pixel intensity is set to 0, for all the pixels intensity, less than the threshold value. code. code

cv.THRESH_TOZERO_INV

Inverted or Opposite case of cv2.THRESH_TOZERO. code. code

cv::IMREAD_ANYDEPTH = 2

cv::IMREAD_ANYCOLOR = 4

cv::IMREAD_LOAD_GDAL = 8

cv::IMREAD_REDUCED_GRAYSCALE_2 = 16

cv::IMREAD_REDUCED_COLOR_2 = 17

cv::IMREAD_REDUCED_GRAYSCALE_4 = 32

cv::IMREAD_REDUCED_COLOR_4 = 33

cv::IMREAD_REDUCED_GRAYSCALE_8 = 64

cv::IMREAD_REDUCED_COLOR_8 = 65

cv::IMREAD_IGNORE_ORIENTATION = 128

cv::IMWRITE_EXR_TYPE_HALF = 1

cv::IMWRITE_EXR_TYPE_FLOAT = 2

cv::IMWRITE_JPEG_QUALITY = 1

cv::IMWRITE_JPEG_PROGRESSIVE = 2

cv::IMWRITE_JPEG_OPTIMIZE = 3

cv::IMWRITE_JPEG_RST_INTERVAL = 4

cv::IMWRITE_JPEG_LUMA_QUALITY = 5

cv::IMWRITE_JPEG_CHROMA_QUALITY = 6

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_COMPRESSION = 16

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY = 17

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_BILEVEL = 18

cv::IMWRITE_PXM_BINARY = 32

cv::IMWRITE_EXR_TYPE = (3 << 4) + 0

cv::IMWRITE_WEBP_QUALITY = 64

cv::IMWRITE_PAM_TUPLETYPE = 128

cv::IMWRITE_TIFF_RESUNIT = 256

cv::IMWRITE_TIFF_XDPI = 257

cv::IMWRITE_TIFF_YDPI = 258

cv::IMWRITE_TIFF_COMPRESSION = 259

cv::IMWRITE_PAM_FORMAT_NULL = 0

cv::IMWRITE_PAM_FORMAT_BLACKANDWHITE = 1

cv::IMWRITE_PAM_FORMAT_GRAYSCALE = 2

cv::IMWRITE_PAM_FORMAT_GRAYSCALE_ALPHA = 3

cv::IMWRITE_PAM_FORMAT_RGB = 4

cv::IMWRITE_PAM_FORMAT_RGB_ALPHA = 5

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_DEFAULT = 0

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_FILTERED = 1

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_HUFFMAN_ONLY = 2

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_RLE = 3

cv::IMWRITE_PNG_STRATEGY_FIXED = 4