Electron microscopy
  
Oxidation States (Oxidation Number, Degree of Oxidation) in Periodic Table
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Table 1153. Oxidation states (oxidation number, degree of oxidation) of elements in periodic table.

Element
Most (predominant) stable states
Other states
1 H    
2 He    
3 Li Li+  
4 Be Be2+  
Free Be2+ ion cannot exist  
Its compounds are either covalent or contain solvated ions  
Be shows properties extremely different from the other elements in Group 2
5 B B3+  
Non-metallic element due to its considerably high first, second and third ionization energies, though with some metallic characteristics
6 C C4+ C4- in hydrocarbons
Typical non-metal  
   
7 N   N3+, N5+, N3- in NH3
Typical non-metal  
8 O   O2+ in OF2
Non-metal  
9 F    
The most reactive element in the Periodic Table  
10 Ne    
11 Na Na+  
12 Mg Mg2+  
Its compounds are either covalent or contain solvated ions  
13 Al Al3+  
Metallic element, it is very similar to Be  
14 Si Si4+  
   
15 P P5+ P3- e.g. in Na3P, P3+
16 S S6+  
Non-metal  
17 Cl Cl- Cl+, Cl3+, Cl5+, Cl7+
18 Ar    
19 K K+  
20 Ca Ca2+  
Its compounds are either covalent or contain solvated ions  
21 Sc    
22 Ti Ti4+ Ti2+, Ti3+
23 V V4+  
24 Cr Cr3+  
25 Mn    
26 Fe    
27 Co    
28 Ni    
29 Cu    
30 Zn Zn2+ Zn+
31 Ga Ga3+  
Metallic element  
32 Ge Ge4+ Ge+ and Ge2+ at GeO2/Ge interface [1], Ge2+ in GeI2
33 As Non-metal As3+, As5+
As3+ is not stable and can be oxidized to As5+
34 Se   Se2-, Se4+ in H2SeO3, Se6+: e.g. Se4+ in SeO32-,
Se6+ in SeO42-, Se2- is water-soluble
Semiconductor  
35 Br   Br+, Br3+, Br5+, Br7+
36 Kr A few compounds of krypton have been reported  
37 Rb Rb+  
38 Sr Sr2+  
Its compounds are either covalent or contain solvated ions  
39 Y    
40 Zr    
41 Nb    
42 Mo    
43 Tc    
44 Ru
    
45 Rh    
46 Pd    
47 Ag    
48 Cd Cd2+ Cd+
49 In In3+ [2]  
Metallic element  
50 Sn Sn2+, Sn4+  
51 Sb   Sb3+, Sb5+
52 Te   Te4+ in H2TeO3
Semiconductor  
53 I I- I+, I3+, I5+, I7+in IF7 and IO4-
54 Xe The first xenon compounds were synthesized in 1962  
55 Cs Cs+  
56 Ba Ba2+  
Its compounds are either covalent or contain solvated ions  
57 La    
58 Ce    
59 Pr    
60 Nd    
61 Pm    
62 Sm    
63 Eu    
64 Gd    
65 Tb    
66 Dy    
67 Ho    

68

Er

    
69
 Tm    
70
 Yb    
71
 Lu    
72
 Hf    
73
 Ta    
74
 W    
75
 Re    
76
 Os    
77
 Ir    
78
 Pt    
79 Au    
80
 Hg Hg2+, Hg+ Hg4+ in HgF4
81
 Tl Tl3+, and Tl+ in some cases  
Metallic element  
82
 Pb Pb2+ (e.g. Pb2+ in most organic compounds) Pb4+ in oxidizing agent PbO2, PbCl4, and PbF4
83
 Bi Bi3+ Bi5+
Metal  
84
 Po    
Metal  
85
 At    
86
 Rn    
87
 Fr Fr+  
88
 Ra Ra2+  
Its compounds are either covalent or contain solvated ions  
89
 Ac Ac3+  
90
 Th    
91 Pa    
92 U    
 

 

 

 

 

[1] L. de los Santos Valladares, A. Bustamante Dominguez, A. Ionescu, A. Brown, A. Sepe, U. Steiner, O. Avalos Quispe, S. Holmes, Y. Majima, R. Langford and C. H. W. Barnes, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 31 (2016) 125017 (11).
[2] G. Rakhymbay, M. K. Nauryzbayev, B. D. Burkitbayeva, A. M. Argimbaeva, R. Jumanova, A. P. Kurbatov, M. Eyraud, P. Knauth, and F. Vacandio, Electrochemical Deposition of Indium: Nucleation Mode and Diffusional Limitation, Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2016, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 99–105.

 
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