Practical Electron Microscopy and Database

An Online Book, Second Edition by Dr. Yougui Liao (2006)

Table of Contents/Index

Chapter/Index: Introduction | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Appendix

O-rings in EMs
Object wave function/exit plane wave function from TEM specimen
Effect of objective lens on object wave function
Objective apertures
Objective apertures in TEMs & STEMs			Optimal objective/Scherzer apertures in CTEM & HRTEM imaging
Dependence of collection angle on objective aperture in TEM imaging mode
Probe-forming/objective aperture for STEM imaging			Virtual objective aperture (VOA) in SEM
Virtual objective aperture (VOA) in TEM/STEM			Optimal size of virtual objective apertures in STEM and SEM
Objective lens
Imperfections in objective lenses			'Mini' lens
Alignment of objective lens axis			Beam alignment between condenser and objective lenses
Objective stigmator/astigmatism correction			Front focal plane of objective lens
Object plane (sample plane) of objective lens			Chromatic aberration of objective lens
Objective lens in SEMs/STEMs
Objective lens control system in SEMs			Pinhole lens as objective lens in SEMs
Symmetric immersion lens as objective lens in SEMs			Snorkel objective lens in SEMs
Objective lens in TEMs/STEMs
Benefit of low spherical aberration of objective lens			Astigmatism corrections of condenser and objective lenses in TEM for magnetic materials
Objective lens iris			Objective polepiece
Upper- & lower- objective polepiece in TEMs and STEMs			Back focal plane of objective lens in EMs
Objective lens versus EDS and EELS			Objective pre-field lens
Effect of objective lens on object wave function			Coupling between aberration corrector and objective lens
Threefold astigmatism of objective lens in TEM			Phase shift of electrons induced by objective lens
Objective prefield lens: [1]			Post-fields of objective lens
Pole piece gaps in EM systems

Occupied states			Octagonal quasicrystal
Octahedral (O_h) lattice
Transition metal: TMO₆ octahedral lattice
Octupole
Octupole design for C_s corrector in EMs			Octupole lens application in GIF system
Quadrupole-octupole corrector for C_s corrections			Quadrupole/octupole used for coupling between different lenses in EMs
Power supplies for quadrupole/octupole aberration correctors			Octopole and other lenses in FIB

Off-axis aberrations in EMs
Off-axis electron holography
Aberration correction using off-axis electron holography technique			Plane wave and interference pattern in electron holography
Measurement of electric field/dopant/p-n junction using off-axis electron holography			Measurement of magnetic field using off-axis electron holography
Spatial coherence/incoherence in EMs			Fiber in Möllenstedt–Düker biprisms for off-axis electron holography
Reconstruction of off-axis holograms			Interference width in off-axis hologram
Artifacts in off-axis electron holograms: distortions			Voltage at biprism filament in off-axis electron holography
Offset
Conduction band offset			High tension offset for image filtering for elemental analysis
Drift tube offset			EELS energy offset

One-dimensional (1-D) lattice			Omega filter
Oil-diffusion Pump
Operations of electron microscopes
JEOL 2100 TEM operation manual			FEI TEM operation manuals
Operation of aberration correctors in EMs			Operation of EDS
Operation of EELS
Bias correction of EELS/GIF			Temperature of EELS/GIF detector
Optimal electron microscopy (EM) conditions
Optimal convergence semi-angle in STEM			Optimal objective aperture for CTEM & HRTEM imaging
Optimization of camera length for various measurements			Optimal objective/Scherzer apertures in CTEM & HRTEM imaging
Optimizing EELS acquisition			Optimal size of virtual objective apertures in STEM and SEM
Effects of entrance aperture/collection angle on EELS and optimization			Optimization of EDS measurements
Operation of TEM system
ACD (anti-contamination device) operation on TEM system			Focusing action of lens
Optical properties of materials
Optical and electronic interband transitions			Optical/light microscopes
Comparison between VEELS and conventional optical spectroscopy
Optical imaging sensor
Electronic optical imaging sensors/Image sensors
Optical storage
Phase change optical storage media			Rewritable phase-change optical memory disks
Optics
Gaussian optics in EMs			Curved optics in EMs
Optics in electron and ion microscopes			Detailed optics of condenser lens in TEMs/STEMs
Comparison of electron optics of various filters & spectrometers			Optical axis of microscopes
X-ray optics			Grazing incidence optics
CCD sensors/detectors with phosphor and fiber-optic coupling
Orbit
Crystallographic orbit
Ordering
Chemical ordering in crystals			Short range ordering (SRO) in materials
Medium range ordering (MRO) in materials			Long range ordering (LRO) in materials
Elemental-ordering-induced diffuse streaks in electron diffraction patterns			Order–disorder ferroelectrics
Orientation
Determination of crystal orientation			Orientation relationship between two crystals/grains
Operando microscopy techniques			Ostwald ripening/coarsening of dislocation loops
Orthorhombic lattices
HRTEM imags of orthorhombic crystalline structures			Base-centered orthorhombic structure
Face-centered orthorhombic structure			Body-centered orthorhombic structures
Determination of point groups of orthorhombic systems
mm2 point group			mmm point group
222 point group
Comparison between hexagonal and tetragonal (or orthorhombic) cells
Orthorhombic space groups
A-centered lattices/A-centering & its space groups
Amm2 (38)			Abm2 (39)
Ama2 (40)			Aba2 (41)
A2₁am (Cmc2₁, 36)
C-centered lattices/C-centering & their space groups
C222₁ (20)			C222 (21)
Cmm2 (35)			Cmc2₁ (A2₁am, 36)
Ccc2 (37)			Cmcm (63)
Cmca (Abma, Bmab, 64)			Cmmm (65)
Cccm (66)			Cmma (67)
Ccca (68)
F-centered lattices/F-centering & their space groups
F222 (22)			Fmm2 (42)
Fdd2 (43)			Fmmm (69)
Fddd (70)
I (body-centered) lattices/I-centering & their space groups
I222 (23)			I2₁2₁2₁ (24)
Imm2 (44)			Iba2 (45)
Ima2 (46)			Immm (71)
Ibam (72)			Ibca (73)
Imma (74)
P (primitive) lattices & their space groups
P222 (16)			P222₁ (17)
P2₁2₁2 (18)			P2₁2₁2₁ (19)
Pmm2 (25)			Pmc2₁ (26)
Pcc2 (27)			Pma2 (Pbm2, 28)
Pca2₁ (Pbc2₁, P2₁ab, 29)			Pnc2 (30)
Pmn2₁ (31)			Pba2 (32)
Pna2₁ (P2₁cn, 33)			Pnn2 (34)
Pmmm (47)			Pnnn (48)
Pccm (49)			Pban (50)
Pmma (51)			Pnna (52)
Pmna (53)			Pcca (54)
Pbam (55)			Pccn (56)
Pbcm (57)			Pnnm (58)
Pmmn (59)			Pbcn (60)
Pbca (61)			Pnma/Pbnm (62)
Osmium (Os)
EDS measurements of osmium (Os)

Outer-/Outermost-shell electrons (electrons in valence- and conduction-bands)			Oval annotation on Gatan DigitalMicrograph
Oval ROI on Gatan DigitalMicrograph
Overetch
Via overetch detected by IR-OBIRCH
Overfocus
Defocus/overfocus/underfocus in Ronchigrams
Overlap
Bond overlap population diagram (BOPD)
Energy peak overlapping in EDS spectrum			Signal overlapping in EELS

Oxidation states (oxidation number, degree of oxidation) in periodic table			Analysis of valence states by white-lines in EELS
Overvoltage Ratio in EDS Measurements
X-ray intensity affected by overvoltage			Spatial resolution dependence on overvoltages
Oxygen (O)
EDS measurement of oxygen			EELS measurements of oxygen (O)
STEM imaging of oxygen			Specimen oxidation during EM measurements
X-O phase diagram			Oxygen vacancy migration induced by voltage
O^2- coordination and bond strength			Atomic-number contrast of oxygen ions
Cleaning of hydrocarbon contamination by oxygen radicals in EMs			Stability of ferroelectrics related to oxygen vacancies