This book (Practical Electron Microscopy and Database) is a reference for TEM and SEM students, operators, engineers, technicians, managers, and researchers.

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There are many possible X-ray lines for most elements, resulting from transitions between the energy levels (states) of an atom. As shown in Figure 4478a, Ka X-ray is produced due to removal of K shell electron, with L shell electron taking its place. Kb occurs in the case where K shell electron is replaced by electron from the M shell; La X-ray is produced due to removal of L shell electron, replaced by M shell electron; Ma X-ray is produced due to removal of M shell electron, replaced by N shell electron. Figure 4478b shows the schematic illustration demonstrating the common energy levels leading to X-ray emission lines.

Figure 4478a. Initial and Final Levels for Characteristic X-Ray Lines. 

Figure 4478b. Schematic illustration demonstrating the common energy levels leading to X-ray emission lines.