This book (Practical Electron Microscopy and Database) is a reference for TEM and SEM students, operators, engineers, technicians, managers, and researchers.

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The energy of X-ray “particles” (photons) is hν. Here, h is Planck’s constant and ν is the frequency.  The X-ray energy in eV is given by,

               ----------------------- [4484a]

The X-ray wavelength, λ, is given by,

               ------------------------------ [4484b]

where λ is in nm and E in keV. As we can see, this equation is similar to the equation giving the uncorrected electron energy in vacuum.

It is very common that Cu X-ray lines are applied to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The X-ray wavelengths (λ) of Cu K_α1 and Cu K_α2 are 1.540598 Å and 1.544426 Å, respectively. The average wavelength of Cu K_α is 1.54278 Å.