This book (Practical Electron Microscopy and Database) is a reference for TEM and SEM students, operators, engineers, technicians, managers, and researchers.

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The growth rate of pure aluminum (Al) bulk follows an empirical equation given by, [1]

          ------------------------------- [2025a]

where,
         n -- The time exponent,
         D -- The mean grain diameter,
         t -- The time of annealing,
         K -- The temperature-dependent constant given by,

          ------------------------------- [2025b]

where,
         Q -- The activation energy for grain growth,
         K₀ -- A constant,
         R -- The universal gas constant,
         T -- The absolute temperature.

[1] P.A. Beck, L. T. Demer and M. L. Holzworth, Trans. Am. Inst. Min., Metall. Pet. Eng., 175 (1948) 372.