Practical Electron Microscopy and Database

Chapter/Index: Introduction | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Appendix

Spacecraft Charging

Spacecrafts can be charged because incoming and outgoing electrons are not balanced in surfaces depending on the surface conditions of the spacecrafts. The incoming electrons are from the ambient plasma, while the outgoing electrons are:         i) secondary electrons,         ii) backscattered electrons,         iii) photoelectrons.