4f Elements in Periodic Table - Structure of the periodic table -- Practical Electron Microscopy and Database

4f Elements in Periodic Table
- Practical Electron Microscopy and Database -
- An Online Book -

https://www.globalsino.com/EM/

This book (Practical Electron Microscopy and Database) is a reference for TEM and SEM students, operators, engineers, technicians, managers, and researchers.

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Table 4693a. 4f elements in periodic table

1S 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 3d 3d 4d 5d 6d 4f 5f Elements Structure of the periodic table

Table 4693b. Electron configurations, filling orbitals, and valence electrons of 4f elements

Atomic Number	Symbol	Name	Electron Configuration	Filling Orbital	Valence Electrons
57	La	Lanthanum	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰ 5s²p⁶d¹ 6s²	5d¹	5p¹6s²
58	Ce	Cerium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹ 5s²p⁶d¹ 6s²	4f²	4f²6s²
59	Pr	Praseodymium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f³ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f³	4f³6s²
60	Nd	Neodymium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f⁴ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f⁴	4f⁴6s²
61	Pm	Promethium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f⁵ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f⁵	4f⁵6s²
62	Sm	Samarium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f⁶ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f⁶	4f⁶6s²
63	Eu	Europium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f⁷ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f⁷	4f⁷6s²
64	Gd	Gadolinium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f⁷ 5s²p⁶d¹ 6s²	4f⁷	4f⁷5d¹6s²
65	Tb	Terbium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f⁹ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f⁹	4f⁹6s²
66	Dy	Dysprosium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹⁰ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f¹⁰	4f¹⁰6s²
67	Ho	Holmium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹¹ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f¹¹	4f¹¹6s²
68	Er	Erbium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹² 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f¹²	4f¹²6s²
69	Tm	Thulium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹³ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f¹³	4f¹³6s²
70	Yb	Ytterbium	1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹⁴ 5s²p⁶ 6s²	4f¹⁴	4f¹⁴6s²

Figure 4693 shows the relation between electron binding energies and atomic number (Z).

Figure 4693. Relation between electron binding energies and atomic number (Z) (at low binding energies).

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