Practical Electron Microscopy and Database

An Online Book, Second Edition by Dr. Yougui Liao (2006)

Practical Electron Microscopy and Database - An Online Book

Chapter/Index: Introduction | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Appendix

Index of Refraction

X-ray optics is a branch of optics. X-ray optics manipulates X-rays instead of visible lights in normal light optics and electron beams in electron microscopes (EMs). The lenses for visible light are made of transparent materials that can have a refractive index (or called index of refraction) significantly larger than 1 and the lenses for EMs are composed of magnetic lens , for X-rays the index of refraction is slightly smaller than unity.

Table 2535. Refractive indices of some gases liquids and solids.

Material

n
λ(nm)

Air

1.00029 546
CO2
1.00045 546
Water
1.33 546
Ethanol
1.36 546

Benzene

1.51 546
CS2
1.63 546
Quartz
1.46 546

Plexiglass

1.49 546
Diamond
2.42 546
Nd:YLF
1.45 1060

Ruby

1.76 694.3
Ti:Al2O3
1.76 735

Nd:YAG

1.82 1064
Nd:YALO
1.90 1078